"....semua makhluk ciptaan Tuhan samada manusia,binatang,tumbuhan, alam semulajadi dan sebagainya,saling perlu memerlukan,saling bantu-membantu kerana mereka berkait,terikat antara satu sama lain dalam satu kitaran yang berhubungan. Justeru, jangan diputuskan ikatan itu, kelak, seluruh kitaran akan musnah..." Ahmad Rais Johari
Benefits of PLC HPGP Charging Applications (CCS)
• Developed and matured over the last 10 years by leading automotive and infrastructure providers
• PLC HPGP-based communication supports smart-grid applications
• CharIN leading the charge to establish CCS as a preferred worldwide EV charging solution
• Strong supply base with multiple device manufacturers committed to the market
1. What are existing (e)MaaS ecosystems and architectures?
2. What elements and functions should an eMaaS architecture include to facilitate the integration and interaction of all actors within the eMaaS ecosystem?
3. How does a system architecture support the further development of eMaaS?
BMS: Battery Management System;
CIM: Computational Independent Model;
CS: Charging Station;
DER: Distributed Electrical Resource;
DSL: Domain-Specific Language;
DSO: Distribution System Operator;
DSR: Design Science Research;
EM-ISA: E-Mobility Information System Architecture;
EMAM: E-Mobility Architecture Model;
EMS: Energy Management System;
EMSA: E-Mobility Systems Architecture;
EV: Electric Vehicle;
GSCAM: Generic Smart City Architecture Model;
GWAC: GridWise Architecture Council;
ICT: Information and Communications Technology;
IS: Information System;
MDA:Model-Driven Architecture;
PIM: Platform Independent Model;
PSI: Platform Specific Implementation;
PSM: Platform Specific Model;
PWM: Pulse Width Modulation;
SCIAM: Smart City Infrastructure Architecture Model;
SGAM: Smart Grid Architecture Model;
SoC: (Battery) State of Charge;
SysML: Systems Modeling Language;
TSO: Transmission System Operator;
UC: Use Case;
UML: Unified Modeling Language
AC charging is generally referred to as ‘slow charging’ due to its power limitation (22 kW at the highest end typically and the minimum necessary time to charge. The AC higher power ranges (11 – 22 kW) might occasionally be referred as ‘high power AC charging’ or ‘fast AC charging’, there is no actual definition though. On the other hand, those DC chargers with ratings as of 22 kW and spanning up to even 400 kW are considered ‘fast’. The term ‘ultrafast’ is as well used for powers above 50 kW, but there is no actual clear line or definition. The most common DC power ranges deployed nowadays range from 22 – 150 kW, with power ranges between 200 – 350 kW gaining traction. Fast and ultra−fast DC chargers are generally only available publicly at dedicated areas with access to a three−phase power connection to the grid. Charging stations, predominant so far along highways, might display multiple ultra−fast chargers ( > 150 kW each). Such facilities requires a dedicated high voltage transformer from the grid.
Conversion to a combined PEM file
To convert a PFX file to a PEM file that contains both the certificate and private key, the following command needs to be used:
# openssl pkcs12 -in filename.pfx -out cert.pem -nodes
Conversion to separate PEM files
We can extract the private key form a PFX to a PEM file with this command:
# openssl pkcs12 -in filename.pfx -nocerts -out key.pem
Exporting the certificate only:
# openssl pkcs12 -in filename.pfx -clcerts -nokeys -out cert.pem
Removing the password from the extracted private key:
# openssl rsa -in key.pem -out server.key
openssl pkcs12 -in file.pfx -out file.nokey.pem -nokeys
openssl pkcs12 -in file.pfx -out file.withkey.pem
openssl rsa -in file.withkey.pem -out file.key
cat file.nokey.pem file.key > file.combo.pemMost industries, from science to healthcare to marketing, are chock full of acronyms, to the point where reading or listening to anything related to the industry can be mystifying to anyone on the “outside”.
The electric vehicle industry is no exception. In fact, abbreviations are so common in this industry that we were able to create an entire article out of them.
Whether you’re new to the world of electric vehicles and electric vehicle charging (or you’ve been around for a while and are, at this point, too afraid to ask), we hope that this list helps you understand more about the world of electric vehicles.
In a hurry? Click on the abbreviations to jump to the definition.
This type of charging is useful for charging electric vehicles at different speeds through an alternating current. Electric vehicle charging always comes out as AC. With an AC charger, the power is converted to DC by the vehicle itself. This type of charging is economical but takes longer.
Typical AC charging powers are 3.7kW, 11kW, 22kW (the higher, the faster). However, note that AC charging speed is not only dependent on the charging device capabilities; charging speed is also defined by the vehicle's AC charger.
BEVs are a type of electric car that exclusively get their energy from rechargeable battery packs. BEVs do not have an internal combustion engine, a fuel tank, or a fuel cell.
It offers both AC and DC charging on the same port and provides power of up to 350kW. This is the industry-standard method for public charging stations and also home charging set-ups in Europe and America. It may also be called a “combo plug”.
Contraction of CHArge de MOve, CHAdeMo is a fast (DC) charging technology. The expression finds its roots in the following Japanese sentence: “O cha demo ikaga desuka”, which translates into “would you like a cup of tea?”. The reference to tea is here to remind us that it takes very little time to charge the battery of a CHAdeMO vehicle.
This refers to a type of software responsible for smart charging, i.e., allocating power to different electric vehicles to make sure that each one charges as quickly as possible. It relies on customisable algorithms to work efficiently.
A CPO is an operator who owns and oversees the operation of electric vehicle smart charging points.
DC is one of the two types of ‘fuel’ that can be used to power electric vehicles. Unlike AC charging, converted into DC power by the car, DC charging can convert the AC power into DC right in the plug itself. DC chargers are larger, more expensive, but faster. It will be more common at public charging stations, such as at a rest stop charge point.
Dynamic Load Management (or DLM) refers to an EV charging technology that makes it possible to evenly distribute the electricity to all the vehicles that might be plugged simultaneously. In other words, DLM optimises charging speed and prevents all grid congestion episodes.
These are the operating managers and/or owners of energy distribution networks.
An EMP is a company that provides customers access to an electric vehicle charging network. They will often offer a tracking service such as an app for evaluating the availability of charging stations. EMPs are also responsible for determining the price of electric vehicle charging.
EMSP is simply another way to say EMP (electro-mobility provider).
EV stands for electric vehicles (or electric cars). EVs are equipped with a battery-powered motor instead of a traditional internal combustion engine. Contrary to PHEVs and HEVs, EVs do not have a gasoline tank and output zero tailpipe emissions. They are associated with a lower carbon footprint than traditional vehicle types.
EVSE refers to equipment that exists to supply electrical energy for charging electric vehicles. It can be residential (such as an at-home charger) or commercial (such as chargers at malls, workplaces, rest stops, etc.).
Greenhouse gases are gases in the atmosphere that trap the sun’s heat and warm the Earth, contributing to climate change. The Earth’s most common greenhouse gases are ozone, nitrous oxide, water vapour, methane, and carbon dioxide. Cars with internal combustion engines emit greenhouse gases through their tailpipe.
HEVs use both electric batteries and gasoline. More often than not, the electric motor is here to assist the internal combustion engine, during the acceleration phases, for instance. Note that HEVs cannot be plugged into regular EV charging stations. Batteries replenish themselves via the energy generated by the combustion engine or via regenerative braking.
Internal combustion engines use liquid fuel (gasoline) to create energy to power traditional vehicles. ICE cars are the most common vehicle on the road (although an increase in EV infrastructure means electric cars are becoming more accessible).
kW is a measurement unit used to determine how much power an electrical appliance consumes.
kWh defines the amount of energy that is required to power an electrical appliance for one hour.
PHEVs rely on both electric batteries as well as gasoline to power an ICE. These vehicles run on electrical power until the battery is depleted and automatically switch to the ICE. Charging hybrids can also be plugged in to charge their engine.
RFID is a type of technology that links a card to an account. It can be used in electric vehicle charging to quickly and conveniently start a charge through tapping.
TSO is a term defined by the European Commission that describes an organisation in charge of transporting energy and maintaining the infrastructure for transporting energy.
Vehicle-to-building is a technology that lessens a building’s energy consumption by drawing on the untapped energy of multiple idle electric vehicles.
V2G is a new smart charging technology that can push the energy stored in electric cars’ batteries back to the power grid. As we’re increasingly relying on renewable energies to power the grid, V2G is the technology that will stabilise the grid when the energy produced via renewable solar or wind sources can’t meet the demand.
A technology that allows the battery of an electric vehicle to power an entire home (or other building of similar size). This is a bi-directional system with the power to convert energy between AC supply and electric car battery.
A technology that allows the battery of an electric car to provide general backup power in the case of an outage.
The development of DAMASK started in 2006 with the establishment of a new research group named Computational Mechanics of Polycrystals (CMCn) at the Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung (MPIE). The aim of this joint research group between the Max-Planck-Gesellschaft and the Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft was the development of enhanced material models and simulation technologies from the single crystal up to the component scale [48]. In the course of the CMCn project, it turned out that the Crystal Plasticity (CP) codes existing in the public domain at that time were not flexible enough for this purpose. Therefore, a new CP implementation was initiated, aiming at a strict modularization to allow for flexible incorporation of material models on all length scales. Within the CMCn project, two different homogenization schemes and various constitutive models for plasticity have been incorporated into the new code. The capability to choose from a set of different available constitutive models within a single simulation is a unique feature of the developed simulation framework. Together with R.A. Lebensohn from the Los Alamos National Lab (LANL), Humboldt awardee at MPIE in 2010, a spectral method based mechanical boundary value problem solver was added to complement the existing user material interfaces to commercial Finite Element Method (FEM) solvers. In addition to the core routines, numerous utilities for pre- and post-processing have been added to the package now referred to as DAMASK.
In September 2011, a website (https://damask.mpie.de) was launched to release the code to the public domain as free software according to GPL 3. The idea of a flexible open source CP implementation was very well received by the scientific community. Presently, more1 than 50 groups across the world use DAMASK, including universities such as University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), research facilities such as LANL, and multinational companies such as Tata Steel. These groups contribute to the further code development as well, e.g. by adding features such as new or modified constitutive models.
In 2015, multi-physics extensions were incorporated into DAMASK to consistently treat coupled problems, such as thermo-mechanics, chemo-mechanics, and damage-mechanics. Since early 2016, the code is hosted in a public repository using GitLab (see Appendix A for details) to enable and assist collaborative development among the growing user community.
Source Code
The DAMASK core is written in Fortran 2018 with a few enhancements in C. The pre- and post-processing tools are written in Python 3. A Unix-style operation system is a prerequisite for installation from source. DAMASK has been installed on different GNU/Linux distributions and on MacOS. Compilation on Windows is possible via the Windows Subsystem for Linux (WSL).
1. Download, check, and unpack the source code:
wget https://damask.mpie.de/download/damask-3.0.0-alpha5.tar.xz
wget https://damask.mpie.de/download/damask-3.0.0-alpha5.tar.xz.sha256
---> sha256sum -c damask-3.0.0-alpha5.tar.xz.sha256
----> tar -xf damask-3.0.0-alpha5.tar.xz
2. Get an overview of the prerequisites available on your system:
cd damask-3.0.0-alpha5
./DAMASK_prerequisites.sh
cat system_report.txt
Grid and Mesh Solver
A recent version of the GNU Compiler Collection, the Intel Parallel Studio XE, or the Intel oneAPI toolkit is needed to build the grid solver and/or mesh solver from source.
Warning
The ifx Fortran driver from the Intel oneAPI toolkit does not yet support constructs from Fortran 2018 used in DAMASK.
The solvers included with DAMASK are build with CMake and rely on PETSc. A PETSc installation with support for MPI and the following external packages is needed:
(a) BLAS/LAPACK
(b) HDF5 with MPI support, zlib support is strongly recommended
(c) FFTW with MPI support (grid solver only)
(d) Packages such as SuperLU, HYPRE, MUMPS, or ML for certain sparse linear solvers.
If all prerequisites are installed, compiliation and installation follows the standard CMake procedure:
cmake -S damask-3.0.0-alpha5 -B build-grid -DDAMASK_SOLVER=grid
cmake --build build-grid --target install
cmake -S damask-3.0.0-alpha5 -B build-mesh -DDAMASK_SOLVER=mesh
cmake --build build-mesh --target install
1. Auxiliary software
sudo apt-get install gfortran g++ gcc default-jre cmake -y1.2 HDF5
./configure --prefix=/usr/local/hdf5
make -j4
make check
make install -j4
sudo h5cc -o h5_extend h5_extend.c
sudo apt install hdf5-helpers
sudo apt-get install libhdf5-serial-dev
1.3Python and corresponding modules
sudo apt install python3
sudo apt install python3-pip
sudo pip3 install numpy vtk scipy h5py -i https://pypi.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/simple
*[use tsinghua source]*
sudo pip3 install numpy vtk scipy h5py -i https://pypi.doubanio.com/simple
*[use douban source]
checks whether the required Python modules are installed and working./DAMASK_prerequisites.sh
1.4 paraview install
sudo apt install paraview -y
You can enable source code repositories by uncommenting (removing #'s) deb-src repositories from /etc/apt/sources.list.
sed -i '/deb-src/s/^# //' /etc/apt/sources.list && apt update
If you want to disable source code repositories, you can comment it back
sed -i '/deb-src/s/^/# /' /etc/apt/sources.list && apt updatehttps://dgpu-docs.intel.com/installation-guides/ubuntu/ubuntu-focal.html
https://ubuntu.pkgs.org/20.04/ubuntu-universe-arm64/libwebsockets-test-server-common_3.2.1-3_all.deb.html
1637245173: Error: Unable to load CA certificates. Check cafile "/etc/letsencrypt/live/10.0.36.50/chain.pem".
1637245173: Error: Unable to load server certificate "/etc/letsencrypt/live/10.0.36.50/cert.pem". Check certfile.
1637245173: OpenSSL Error[0]: error:02001002:system library:fopen:No such file or directory
1637245173: OpenSSL Error[1]: error:20074002:BIO routines:file_ctrl:system lib
1637245173: OpenSSL Error[2]: error:140DC002:SSL routines:use_certificate_chain_file:system lib
Rule 1: Investing is fun and exciting, but dangerous if you don't do any work.
Rule 2: Your investor's edge is not something you get from Wall Street experts. It's something you already have. You can outperform the experts if you use your edge by investing in companies or industries you already understand.
Rule 3: Over the past 3 decades, the stock market has come to be dominated by a herd of professional investors. Contrary to popular belief, this makes it easier for the amateur investor. You can beat the market by ignoring the herd.
Rule 4: Behind every stock is a company. Find out what it's doing.
Rule 5: Often, there is no correlation between the success of a company's operations and the success of its stock over a few months or even a few years. In the long term, there is a 100% correlation between the success of the company and the success of its stock. This disparity is the key to making money; it pays to be patient, and to own successful companies.
Rule 6: You have to know what you own, and why you own it. "This baby is a cinch to go up" doesn't count.
Rule 7: Long shots almost always miss the mark.
Rule 8: Owning stocks is like having children — don't get involved with more than you can handle. The part-time stockpicker probably has time to follow 8-12 companies, and to buy and sell shares as conditions warrant. There don't have to be more than 5 companies in the portfolio at any one time.
Rule 9: If you can't find any companies that you think are attractive, put your money in the bank until you discover some.
Rule 10: Never invest in a company without understanding its finances. The biggest losses in stocks come from companies with poor balance sheets. Always look at the balance sheet to see if a company is solvent before you risk your money on it.
Rule 11: Avoid hot stocks in hot industries. Great companies in cold, non growth industries are consistent big winners.
Rule 12: With small companies, you are better off to wait until they turn a profit before you invest.
Rule 13: If you are thinking of investing in a troubled industry, buy the companies with staying power. Also, wait for the industry to show signs of revival. Buggy whips and radio tubes were troubled industries that never came back.
Rule 14: If you invest $1000 in a stock, all you can lose is $1000, but you stand to gain $10,000 or even $50,000 over time if you are patient. The average person can concentrate on a few good companies, while the fund manager is forced to diversify. By owning too many stocks, you lose this advantage of concentration. It only takes a handful of big winners to make a lifetime of investing worthwhile.
Rule 15: In every industry and every region of the country, the observant amateur can find great growth companies long before the professionals have discovered them.
Rule 16: A stock market decline is as routine as a January blizzard in Colorado. If you are prepared, it can't hurt you. A decline is a great opportunity to pick up the bargains left behind by investors who are fleeing the storm in panic.
Rule 17: Everyone has the brainpower to make money in stocks. Not everyone has the stomach. If you are susceptible to selling everything in a panic, you ought to avoid stocks and stock mutual funds altogether.
Rule 18: There is always something to worry about. Avoid weekend thinking and ignore the latest dire predictions of the newscasters. Sell a stock because the company's fundamentals deteriorate, not because the sky is falling.
Rule 19: Nobody can predict interest rates, the future direction of the economy, or the stock market, Dismiss all such forecasts and concentrate on what's actually happening to the companies in which you have invested.
Rule 20: If you study 10 companies, you will find 1 for which the story is better than expected. If you study 50, you'll find 5. There are always pleasant surprises to be found in the stock market — companies whose achievements are being overlooked on Wall Street.
Rule 21: If you don't study any companies, you have the same success buying stocks as you do in a poker game if you bet without looking at your cards.
Rule 22: Time is on your side when you own shares of superior companies. You can afford to be patient — even if you missed Wal-Mart in the first five years, it was a great stock to own in the next five years. Time is against you when you own options.
Rule 23: If you have the stomach for stocks, but neither the time nor the inclination to do the homework, invest in equity mutual funds. Here, it's a good idea to diversify. You should own a few different kinds of funds, with managers who pursue different styles of investing: growth, value small companies, large companies etc. Investing the six of the same kind of fund is not diversification.
Rule 24: Among the major stock markets of the world, the U.S. market ranks 8th in total return over the past decade. You can take advantage of the fastergrowing economies by investing some portion of your assets in an overseas fund with a good record.
Rule 25: In the long run, a portfolio of well-chosen stocks and/or equity mutual funds will always outperform a portfolio of bonds or a money-market account. In the long run, a portfolio of poorly chosen stocks won't outperform the money left under the mattress.
The Rules given below are based upon W. D. Gann's experience :
1. Amount of capital to use: Divide your capital into 10 equal parts and never risk more than one-tenth of your capital on any one trade.
2. Use stop loss orders. Always protect a trade when you make it with a stop loss order.
3. Never overtrade. This would be violating your capital rules.
4. Never let a profit run into a loss. After you once have a profit (...), raise your stop loss order so that you will have no loss of capital.
5. Do not buck the trend. Never buy or sell if you are not sure of the trend according to your charts and rules.
6. When in doubt, get out, and don't get in when in doubt.
7. Trade only in active markets. Keep out of slow, dead ones.
8. Equal distribution of risk. Trade in two or three different commodities, if possible. Avoid tying up all your capital in any one commodity.
9. Never limit your orders or fix a buying or selling price. Trade at the market.
10. Don't close your trades without a good reason. Follow up with a stop loss order to protect your profits.
11. Accumulate a surplus. After you have made a series of successful trades, put some money into a surplus account to be used only in emergency or in time of panic.
12. Never buy or sell just to get a scalping profit.
13. Never average a loss. This is one of the worst mistakes a trader can make.
14. Never get out of the market just because you have lost patience or get into the market because you are anxious from waiting.
15. Avoid taking small profits and big losses.
16. Never cancel a stop loss order after you have placed it at the time you make a trade.
17. Avoid getting in and out of the market too often.
18. Be just as willing to sell short as you are to buy. Let your object be to keep with the trend and make money.
19. Never buy just because the price of a commodity is low or sell short just because the price is high.
20. Be careful about pyramiding at the wrong time. Wait until the commodity is very active and has crossed Resistance Levels before buying more and until it has broken out of the zone of distribution before selling more.
21. Select the commodities that show strong uptrend to pyramid on the buying side and the ones that show definite downtrend to sell short.
22. Never hedge. If you are long of one commodity and it starts to go down, do not sell another commodity short to hedge it. Get out of the market; take your loss and wait for another opportunity.
23. Never change your position in the market without a good reason. When you make a trade, let it be for some good reason or according to some definite rule; then do not get out without a definite indication of a change in trend.
24. Avoid increasing your trading after a long period of success or a period of profitable trades.
25. Don't guess when the market is top. Let the market prove it is top. Don't guess when the market is bottom. Let the market prove it is bottom. By folllowing definite rules, you can do this.
26. Do not follow another man's advice unless you know that he knows more than you do.
27. Reduce trading after first loss; never increase.
28. Avoid getting in wrong and out wrong; getting in right and out wrong; this is making double mistakes. When you decide to make a trade be sure that you are not violating any of these 28 rules which are vital and important to your success. When you close a trade with a loss, go over these rules and see which rule you have violated; then do not make the same mistake the second time. Experience and investigation will convince you of the value of these rules, and observation and study will lead you to a correct and practical theory for successful Trading in Commodities.
The Money Flow Index (MFI) is a momentum indicator that measures the strength of money flowing in and out of a market. Look for divergence between the Money Flow Index and the current price. If the price moves higher and the MFI moves lower a reversal may be imminent.
Refer figure below. Look for possible market tops when the MFI is above 80. Look for possible market bottoms when the MFI is below 20. This study is very similar to the Relative Strength Index, however, the Money Flow Index includes Price and Volume in the calculation.
Properties
Bars = Number of Bars to use in the calculations.
Average = Number of N periods used in the optional moving average.
Formula
Money Flow = Price * Volume
Money Ratio = Positive Money Flow Sum / Negative Money Flow Sum
Money Flow Index = 100 – ( 100 / ( 1 + Money Ratio))
Overview of OBV Indicator
On Balance Volume (OBV) measures buying and selling pressure as a cumulative indicator that adds volume on up days and subtracts volume on down days. OBV was developed by Joe Granville and introduced in his 1963 book, Granville's New Key to Stock Market Profits. It was one of the first indicators to measure positive and negative volume flow. We can look for divergences between OBV and price to predict price movements or use OBV to confirm price trends.
The On Balance Volume (OBV) line is simply a running total of positive and negative volume. A period's volume is positive when the close is above the prior close. A period's volume is negative when the close is below the prior close.
