Friday, March 2, 2012

Media Timeline: Key Events


l
1605: First regularly published weekly newspaper appears in Antwerp.
l1650: Leipzig publishes the first daily newspaper.
l1690: After one issue Publick Occurrences, first colonial newspaper, is suppressed.
l1702: The first daily newspaper in the English language, the Daily Courant.
l1783: Pennsylvania Evening Post, the first daily newspaper in America.
l1794: Nearly flat rate U.S. postal law mails most newspapers for a penny stamp.
l1797: In England, a heavy tax is levied on newspapers to limit the radical press.
l1801: Joseph-Marie Jacquard loom uses punch cards, anticipates computers.
l1827: First African-American newspaper, Freedom’s Journal.
l1828: First Native American newspaper, Cherokee Phoenix.
l1833: A penny buys a newspaper, the New York Sun, opening a mass market.
l1834: Babbage conceives the analytical engine, forerunner of the computer.
l1870: More than 5,000 newspapers are published in the U.S.
l1843: Byron’s daughter, Ada Lovelace, explains concept of computer programming.
l1898: Newspapers, led by Hearst and Pulitzer, help push U.S. into war with Spain.
l1900: U.S. has 2,150 daily newspapers, 478 tri- or semi-weeklies, 14,717 weeklies.
l1900: Total newspaper circulation in U.S. passes 15 million daily.
l1900: 562 cities in U.S. have more than one daily newspaper; New York City has 29.
l1914: 1,300 journals, 140 daily newspapers in U.S. targeted to ethnic populations.
l1930: Lowell Thomas begins first regular U.S. network newscast.
l1930: BBC transmits a play by television, 240 lines/sec of resolution.
l1930: Vannevar Bush’s partly electronic computer can solve differential equations.
l1933: U.S. newspapers pressure AP to cut service to radio, start “Press-Radio War.”
l1933: FDR begins radio Fireside Chats, bypasses hostile newspapers.
l1936: BBC starts world’s first regular television service, three hours a day.
l1938: CBS World News Roundup ushers in modern newscasting.
l1941: Radio networks on 24/7; heavy on news.
l1942: Atanasoff and Berry in Iowa build the first electronic digital computer.
l1944: NBC presents first U.S. televised network newscast, a curiosity.
l1944: Harvard’s Mark I, first digital computer to be put in service.
l1946: University of Pennsylvania’s ENIAC heralds the modern electronic computer.
l1948: CBS and NBC begin nightly 15-minute television newscasts.
l1948: WFIL-FM, owned by Philadelphia newspaper, transmits fax editions twice a day.
l1949: Hollywood studios begin to produce television programs.
l1949: The United States has 98 television stations.
l1950: Nielsen’s Audimeter tracks television audiences.
l1951: Color television sets go on sale.
l1951: Univac I is the first mass-produced computer.
l1952: Television sets in about 19 million U.S. homes.
l1954: 54% of American homes have television sets.
l1957: Many television programs switch to color.
l1958: The microchip; it will enable the computer revolution.
l1959: Television sets in more than 46 million U.S. homes.
l1960: 90% of American homes have television sets.
l1961: The time-sharing computer is developed.
l1961: FCC Chairman Newton Minow calls television a “vast wasteland..
l1963: TV is now principal source of news in U.S., according to Roper Poll.
l1963: Douglas Engelbart gets a patent for the computer mouse.
l1963: TV news “comes of age” in reporting JFK assassination.
l1963: Julia Child cooks on television as The French Chef.
l1967: Newspapers, magazines start to digitize production/computers in operation
l1968: 60 Minutes starts ticking, proves than news on TV can be profitable.
l1965: FCC rules bring structure to cable television.
l1969: UCLA computer sends data to Stanford computer, foreshadowing Internet.
l1972: Philadelphia Inquirer builds a computer database for a news story.
l1972: The Xerox Alto, first computer with mouse and graphical interface.
l1974: U.S. newspapers start to replace reporters’ typewriters with terminals.
l1975: On television, Saturday Night Live.
l1975: In Los Angeles, the first computer store; it sells assembled computers.
l1975: Microsoft founded
l1976: Apple Computer founded
l1976: Barbara Walters becomes first woman to anchor a U.S. TV nightly network newscast.
l1979: News groups arrive on the Internet.
l1980: A 25 lb. portable computer is favorite of reporters who send news from field. RS TRS- 80
l1980: CNN, 24-hour news channel, begins reports.
l1981: The laptop computer is introduced by Tandy.
l1982: USA Today is a newspaper influenced by television news style.
l1983: Time names the computer as "Man" of the Year for 1982.
l1983: Apple's Lisa, the first microcomputer with a graphical user interface.
l1984: Apple Macintosh and IBM PC AT are introduced.
l1983: Computer chip holds 288,000 bits of memory.
l1983: TCP/IP becomes standard for Internet communication between computers.
l1983: Internet domains get names instead of hard-to-remember numbers.
l1985: America Online founded as Quantum Computer Services.
l1991: Hypertext Markup Language (HTML) written; helps create the World Wide Web.
l1992: Number of newspapers offering online news rises to 150.
l1993: Graphical user interface, Mosaic, is developed for the World Wide Web.
l1994: Two million computers connected to the Internet.
l1994: Almost 1/3 of all American homes have a computer.
l1994: Radio HK, a 24-hour Internet-only radio station.
l1995: U.S. population continues to increase, but newspaper readership declines.
l1995: 30 million Internet users worldwide.
l1995: Amazon.com starts selling books online, will become Web’s hottest retailer.
l1996: From Microsoft: Hotmail.com, a Web-based email site.
l1996: 45 million Internet users, including 30 million in U.S.
l1996: More than 100,000 Web sites, and growing fast.
l1996: Computer makers sell flat-panel displays.
l1996: A pocket telephone/computer comes on the market.
l1996: Several large newspapers offer Web access to archives.
l1997: Streaming audio and video are available on the Web.
l1997: 2,600 U.S. newspapers have Internet sites or dial-up connections.
l1997: 43% of U.S. homes have computers.
l1998: Drudge Report, an online website, breaks news of Clinton-Lewinsky affair.
l1998: 3,250 newspapers, 1,280 TV stations now have online websites.
l1998: Google
l1998: 150 million Internet users estimated at year’s end, half in the U.S.
l1998: Estimated number of World Wide Web pages: 300 million.
l1998: Estimated number of Web pages added each day: 1.5 million.
l1998: Apple unveils the colorful iMac computer.
l1999: Number of U.S. daily newspapers drops to 1,483; total 56 million circulation.
l1999: Nielsen, Arbitron start World Wide Web rating service.
l1999: 150 million Internet users can access more than 800 million web pages.
l2002: Google News, an automated service without human editors.
l2000: Seventy million computers connected to the Internet.
l2002: Friendster sets up Internet social contact network.
l2002: On the Web, creators of online journals, or "web logs," now "blog on."
l2003: 239 million computer games are sold.
l2003: From Apple Computer: the browser Safari.
l2003: Cell phones add computer and Internet capabilities.
l2004: Facebook
l2006: TV networks place their most popular programs on the Web.
l2006: Battle in Congress over "net neutrality" regarding website access.
l2009: Major U.S. newspapers face bankruptcy as readers, income erode.
l2007: iPhone surfs Web, emails, plays videos, iTunes, makes phone calls, takes pictures.
l2007: Twitter
l2010: iPad brings multi-touch email, books, movies, maps, apps.

SUARA MARHAEN Daripada Rakyat Untuk Rakyat:TENTANG AUKU oleh Zharif Badrul

SUAIKENAL BERSAMA AUKU

Sebelum anda membaca lebih lanjut dan jatuh cinta dengan AUKU, pastinya anda mahu mengetahui perkara-perkara asas mengenai Akta ini.

1. APAKAH NAMA PENUH AUKU DAN BILAKAH IA DIPERKENALKAN?

Nama penuh AUKU ialah Akta Universiti dan Kolej Universiti. Ia diperkenalkan pada tahun 1971 dan kali terahir ia dipinda pada tahun 2009.

2. SIAPAKAH YANG MEMPERKENALKAN AUKU?

Ia diperkenalkan oleh Menteri Pelajaran(pada masa itu) iaitu Tun Dr.Mahathir Mohamad.

3. MENGAPA AUKU DIPERKENALKAN?

Menurut Dr.Mahathir ia diperkenalkan agar mahasiswa1 dapat memberi tumpuan yang penuh kepada penguasaan ilmu di universiti.Maklumat lanjut boleh dibaca di dalam blog beliau (http://chedet.cc/blog/?p=89)

4. APAKAH ISU UTAMA YANG MELIBATKAN AUKU SEJAK AKHIR-AKHIR INI?

Isu utama yang dibangkitkan ialah penglibatan mahasiswa dalam politik. Di samping itu terdapat juga isu-isu sampingan seperti kebebasan akademik, pelantikan naib canselor oleh Menteri Pengajian Tinggi dan prosiding tatatertib.

5. APAKAH SIGNIFIKAN KES UKM4 DI DALAM ISU AUKU INI?

Kes UKM4 merupakan satu-satunya kes Mahkamah yang melibatkan AUKU. Ia melibatkan 4 mahasiswa Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia yakni saudara Muhammad Hilman Idham, Woon King Chai, Muhammad Ismail Aminuddin dan Azlin Shafina Mohamad Adzha.

Di dalam kes ini, Mahkamah Rayuan memutuskan seksyen 15(5)(a) yang melarang mahasiswa daripada menyokong, bersimpati dan membantah mana-mana parti politik di dalam atau di luar Malaysia adalah bertentangan dengan Perkara 10 Perlembagaan Persekutuan.

6. PINDAAN AUKU JUGA BERKAITAN DENGAN ISU ‘’AGE OF MAJORITY’’

Sewaktu mengumumkan pindaan AUKU di Parlimen dan ucapan Perhimpunan Agung UMNO, DS Najib menyatakan mahasiswa yang mencapai ‘’age of majority’’ dibenarkan untuk menganggotai parti politik. Merujuk kepada Age of Majority Act 1971, seksyen 2 memperuntukkan age of majority di Malaysia ialah 18 tahun.

7. JIKA AUKU DIPINDA, BAGAIMANA PULA DENGAN AKTA-AKTA YANG BERKAITAN(AKTA UiTM dan IPTS)?

Terdapat persamaan antara peruntukan seksyen 15(5)(a) dan seksyen 47 Akta Insititut Pengajian Tinggi Swasta serta seksyen 10(3) Akta UiTM (juga dikenali sebagai akta 174). Justeru peruntukan-peruntukan ini juga perlu dipinda.

8. APAKAH STATUS AUKU APABILA KES UKM4 DIBAWA KE MAHKAMAH PERSEKUTUAN- ADAKAH IA AKAN TETAP DIPINDA?

Jika Mahkamah Persekutuan bersetuju dengan keputusan Mahkamah Rayuan maka AUKU perlu dipinda. Tetapi jika Mahkamah Persekutuan tidak bersetuju, maka seksyen 15(5)(a) tidak boleh dipinda kerana ia sah di sisi Perlembagaan Persekutuan.

Apabila kes ini diputuskan oleh Mahkamah Persekutuan selepas pindaan AUKU dibentangkan dan keputusan tersebut memutuskan seksyen 15(5)(a) tidak bertentangan dengan Perlembagaan Persekutuan, ada kebarangkalian ia perlu dipinda semula kerana keputusan tersebut tidak boleh dianggap sekadar subjek akademik semata-mata. Atau dalam ertikata lain, akan wujud situasi ‘’flip-flop’’ dalam meminda AUKU jika hal ini terjadi.

Bacaan seterusnya sila akses https://docs.google.com







Techday Asia - Enterprise Asterisks Conference @Kuala Lumpur Organised by Intuit and Strateq

29 Feb 2012, Sime Darby Convention Center from 9.00 am until 5.00 pm i attended Techday Asia - Enterprise Asterisks Conference. I learned new term 'asteriskfication' and 'asteriskfy' from sunjay ws during his presentation titled "How and why to integrate Asterisk with your PBX" . You can't find this term in Oxford dictionary. The word asterisk is the special noun, asteriskfication is a noun refering to "the integration between PBX and asterisk to activate Voice Over Internet Protocol (VOiP) using open platform" and 'asteriskfy' is a verb refering to 'the action of asteriskfication'. By doing this you can save your corporate phone bill more than 50 percent.

Small businesses, enterprises and even governments use Asterisk-based technologies to enable feature-rich voice communications over a Web connection. But not all current and prospective Asterisk (News - Alert) users know the true power of the open source software. The capabilities provided by Asterisk stretch well beyond traditional voice.

The software also enables next-gen communication functionality like text-to-speak, automatic speech recognition and voicemail/email integration, which allows users to unify their email and voicemail at no charge and natively store voicemails in IMAP.

In addition, Asterisk users can leverage the power of Google services to place and receive free calls using Google (News - Alert) Voice and GTalk. Asterisk servers also sport a calendaring API that can be integrated with CalDAV, Exchange and iCalendar.

On the business side, Asterisk can connect users to directories and authenticate them against an LDAP server, Lotus Domino Directory, Apple OpenDirectory, or Microsoft (News - Alert) ActiveDirectory. Servers can also be integrated with compatible databases for user management, enabling the logging of calls and authentication of users.

Want to have a little more fun with a phone system? Asterisk has been used on some occasions by IT administrators to make a game out of their call queues. Hold music can be replaced by interactive trivia games that keep callers from pulling their hair out from listening to Michael Bolton or a silent line. Even more practical, administrators can use Asterisk to set up a system where callers can hang up and get a call back when a customer service representative is freed up.

Other fun differentiating options offered by Asterisk include PITCH_SHIFT function, which alters the pitch of a caller's voice, and JACK, a new offering that can modify audio in fun ways. Possibly the most underrated benefit of Asterisk-based solutions is the high-quality audio that they provide. The latest version of the software can provide CD or even Blu-ray quality sound.