Dalai Lama Qoute

In today’s materialistic world there is a risk of people becoming slaves to money, as though they were simply cogs in a huge money-making machine. This does nothing for human dignity, freedom, and genuine well-being. Wealth should serve humanity, and not the other way around.

Pertemuan Sahabat Lama Dalam Wajah Baru

Pada hari ini saya berkesempatan bertemu seorang sahabat lama yang saya kenali pada tahun 1986. Beliau adalah anak melayu pertama yang pernah menjawat jawatan sebagai Director Regional Communication South East Asia & Pacific syarikat gergasi telekomunikasi dunia iaitu Nokia. Beliau meletak jawatan sebagai pengarah komunikasi syarikat Nokia kerana berhasrat memulakan perniagaan sendiri dalam bidang telekomunikasi. Kalau Tony Fernandez, terkenal sebagai usahawan yang membangunkan syarikat penerbangan Air Asia berkonsepkan penerbangan murah yang bermottokan "semua orang boleh terbang".

Sahabat saya ini pula bercita-cita untuk menjadi usahawan telekomunikasi berasaskan 'VoIP' yang menyediakan perkhidmatan panggilan telefon murah ke seluruh dunia melalui handphone dan talian tetap berkonsepkan 'satu kadar untuk satu dunia'. Pada hari ini perkhidmatan panggilan murah ke seluruh dunia sebegini popular di US, UK dan Eropah. Difahamkan produk VoIP sahabat saya ini lebih murah daripada yang ditawarkan oleh Skype dan ia seumpana JAJAH tapi ia lebih baik daripada itu. Produk beliau boleh berfungsi untuk semua smartphone seperti Blackberry, iPhone, Nokia, Samsung dan sebagainya. Difahamkan beliau akan melancarkan produk beliau ini dalam masa terdekat.

Saya berdoa semoga beliau berjaya dalam bidang keusahawanan dan saya hanya tumpang gembira jika beliau berjaya dalam mengharungi dunia perniagaan yang liku-likunya sentiasa berduri dan penuh ranjau. Semoga beliau sekali lagi membuat rekod dunia menjadi anak melayu pertama menyediakan perkhidmatan panggilan telefon murah dan diterima diseluruh dunia.

Sejarah Tanah Melayu

Dalam perjalanan menelusuri alam cyber mencari maklumat sejarah Tanah Melayu di United Kingdom, saya bertemu dengan sabri homepage di url http://www.sabrizain.org/ , setelah melaksanakan explorasi homepage beliau, saya terpesona dengan bahan ilmiah catatan sejarah melayu pada homepage beliau.

Sila layari http://www.sabrizain.org/malaya/library/index.htm untuk merasai dan menikmati sendiri bahan lama minuskrip usang yang beliau miliki.

Renungkanlah!

Rabiulawal selamat berjalan

Rabiulakhir merapat pengkalan

Menurut giliran purnama sebulan

Perginya tak balik wahai taulan

Apa yang balik hanyalah nama

Genap setahun kembali menjelma

Zatnya tak dapat dipandang roma

Menurut tahunnya pergi bersama.

Tahun yang pergi tak pernah balik

Menurut bilangan terus bergolek

Bekasnya tinggal hodoh dan molek

Di situlah iktibar siasah dan tilik.

Demikian perjalanan umurnya dunia

Begitu juga umur manusia

Siapa tak ingat kurang selia

Luput masa dalam sia-sia.

Lima waktu malam dan siang

Saralah hidup kerjakan sembahyang

Dirikan agama empunya tiang

Supaya hidup tidaklah bergoyang

Sembahyang itu tiang agama

Roh dan jasad berkerjasama

Mengadap hadrat Tuhan yang azima

Mengaku hamba tidak percuma.

Berdiri teguh tunduk kepala

Berpeluk tubuh kiblat dihala

Memuji Tuhan Subhanahu wa Taala

Mohon pertolongan segala perkara

Mohon pertunjuk jalan yang benar

Jalan nikmat terang bersinar

Bukannya jalan sesat melanar

Ataupun jalan derhaka yang mungkar.

Membongkok rukuk membesarkan Tuhan

Memohon rahmat dengan kasihan

Berharapkan ampun segala kesalahan

Dunia akhirat lepas kesusahan.

Sujud melekap dahi ke tanah

Merendahkan diri lemah dan punah

Kepada Tuhan berharapkan ihsanah

Dunia akhirat terlepaslah laknah.

Duduk tahiyat kaki berlipat

Naik saksi putus makrifat

MengEsakan Tuhan tidak bertempat

Membenarkan Muhammad rasulnya tepat.

Demikianlah sembahyang pun kelebihan

Caranya hamba membesarkan Tuhan

Merendahkan diri sebenar-benar kehambaan

Lemah dan daif setiap keadaan.

Tinggalkan sembahyang tidaklah harus

Dosanya lebih datang menjirus

Mengaku Islam tidaklah lurus

Hina daripada anjing yang kurus.

Tiap-tiap manusia ada sembahyangnya

Yahudi Nasrani sembahyang caranya

Hatta Majusi sembahyang berhalanya

Yang tidak sembahyang? Sendiri bertanya!!

Perhimpunan Penjawat Awam Bersama Y.A.B Perdana Menteri

Saya menerima email daripada Kesatuan Kakitangan Umum UiTM memaklumkan akan diadakan pertemuan perdana di antara Perdana Menteri dan semua penjawat awam seluruh negara sebagaimana maklumat dibawah :-

Tarikh : 8 Mac 2012 (Khamis)

Masa : 8.00 pagi

Tempat : Dewan Perdana, PICC, Putrajaya.

Dalam perjumaan ini difahamkan Y.A.B Perdana Menteri akan membuat pengumuman penting berkaitan SBPA. Mungkin ada 'durian runtuh' untuk semua penjawat awam? sama-sama kita tunggu pengumuman penting tersebut pada 8 Mac 2012.

Perjuangan Kita : Melayu atau Malayan oleh Dr. Burhanuddin Helmi

Dasar dan Tujuan Perjuangan.

Tiap-tiap sesuatu perjuangan itu mesti ada anggar dasar dan tujuannya yang teguh dan nyata didasarkan di atas hak dan keadilan. Misalnya perjuangan agama seperti Islam jika kita simpulkan dasarnya ialah Tauhid Al-Khalik dan tujuannya keselamatan dunia dan akhirat. Perjuangan kebangsaan dasarnya ibu pertiwi (watannatus- nasci) dan tujuannya kemerdekaan penuh bagi anak dan ibu pertiwi (bangsa dan nusa) dalam erti kebebasan dan kemerdekaan.

Perjuangan kebangsaan Melayu dasarnya seluruh ibu pertiwinya dan tujuannya kebebasan dan kemederkaan penuh bangsa dan nusanya. Tiap-tiap perjuangan itu mesti ada rancangan yang teratur tetap dan nyata. Seperti rancangan permulaan, menengah dan kesudahan. Mana-mana perjuangan yang tak terang dasar, tujuan dan rancangannya bukan sahaja akan mengelirukan pengikutnya malah mudah sekali dikelirukan orang-orang sehingga gagal dan menjadi tunggangan kepentingan orang lain.

Perjuangan Melayu ragu-ragu sekarang.

Saya telah berulang-ulang menerangkan dan membentangkan perjuangan kebangsaan Melayu yang sebenar dan perjuangan Malayan. Tetapi kerana permintaan yang bertalu-talu dan memandangkan ada golongan bangsa kita yang ragu-ragu keliru dan bingung dimain dan dilambung-lambung oleh gelora pergolakkan politik Tenggara Asia – faham Timur dan Barat – lebih-lebih lagi gelora darurat di tanah air kita yang berlaku sekarang.

Tawarikh dunia menunjukkan berulang-ulang bahawa kekalahan besar bagi sesuatu bangsa itu saban kali berlaku ialah oleh kecuaian, kelemahan dan ketewasan dalam kaum itu sendiri lebih dahulu dikalahkan oleh musuh. Kerana keadaan perjuangan kebangsaan kita sesama kita maklum maka saya perlukan mengulang-ulangnya lagi.

Untuk menolakkan keraguan dan kekeliruan dan memperingatkan supaya perjuangan kebangsaan melayu yang telah diperjuangkan selama ini yang dipusakai turun menurun telah pun memakan penderitaan dan pengorbanan yang tak sedikit jangan hendaknya terpesong dan terkandas atau tenaga perjuangan kebangsaan Melayu (National Forces) yang telah diperjuangkan selama ini bertukar menjadi tenaga perjuangan dan kepentingan orang lain (bukan Melayu).

Hal ini menunaikan terjadi jika tidak lekas disedari atau disedarkan lagi yang mana akibatnya sangat-sangat buruk yang akan dikutuk oleh anak cucu bangsa Melayu di belakang hari. Perjuangan politik kebangsaan Melayu yang sehabis-habis kencang dalam sejarahnya di zaman yang akhir ini ialah dimulakan sesudah Perang Dunia Kedua.

Dengan berlakunya pembubaran dan sekatan badan pergerakan Melayu yang progressif dan tinggal gerakan kanan Melayu yang telah bertelingkah dan timbul pula rancangan Jawatankuasa Perhubungan Kaum (CLC) maka panaslah soal perjuangan Melayu atau Malayankah. Bangsa Melayu tertanya-tanya ke mana mereka dipimpin!

Kita boleh ringkaskan sahaja kesimpulan perjuangan kebangsaan Melayu itu pada pesan Laksamana Hang Tuah “Tak Melayu hilang di dunia” tegasnya mengawal dan memelihara wujud, keturunan, nama kehormatan, kedaulatan dan keagungan Melayu jangan lenyap dan hilang malah timbul, kembang megah dan cemerlang di muka dunia setaraf dengan bangsa-bangsa lain yang hidup dan mulia.

Perjuangan kebangsaan Melayu bukan diundur ke belakang ke zaman keagungan yang lampau atau mara ke hadapan supaya terbabas menjadi malayan yang diperjuangkan oleh orang dagang atau muslihat dagang tetapi perjuangan kebangsaan Melayu mestinya berdiri tegak dan bulat mempertahan dan memelihara hak dan keadilan turun menurun bangsa dan nusa Melayu.

Datang Portugis menjajah tanah air kita datuk nenek kita terus mempertahankan Melayu seperti kata Hang Tuah itu. Datang penjajahan Belanda demikian jua sikap yang diteruskan oleh datuk nenek kita. Datang Inggeris kita dapati semua treaty-treaty diperbuat dengan Raja-raja Melayu tidak ada sama sekali dengan Malayan.

Hal ini amat nyata dan terang Melayu ber-treaty dengan Inggeris dan Inggeris berjanji melindungi negeri-negeri Melayu. Melayu tetap menghormati janji dan menghormati orang-orang dagang daripada apa bangsa jua. Melayu tetap berdiri dan berpegang “Malaya hak Melayu” bukan Malaya hak Malayan, orang Melayu belum pernah menyebut-nyebut apa lagi memperjuangkan cogan yang akhir ini. Sebelum Perang Dunia Kedua tidak pernah orang Melayu memanggilkan dirinya Malayan atau menamakan kelab, perkumpulan, persekutuan, persatuan atau sebagainya dengan nama Malayan tetapi semuanya memakaikan nama Melayu atau Inggeris Malay seperti persatuan Melayu, kesatuan Melayu, persidangan agung Melayu, kongres Melayu seluruh Malaya, Brunei dan Sarawak.

Hinggakan setelah Perang Dunia Kedua timbul pergerakan Melayu yang berterus-terang dan progresif itupun memakaikan nama Parti Kebangsaan Melayu. Dan kemudian timbul lagi Kebangsaan Melayu Bersatu. Tegasnya diri sifat berseorang-seorang, berkelab, ber-association, berorganisasi berparti maka bangsa Melayu semua memakaikan nama Melayu atau Inggerisnya Malay sebagaimana bangsa asing itu berkelab, berkumpulan, berpersatuan memakai dan merupakan bangsanya (Nationality) maka demikian jua bangsa Melayu memakai dan merupakan bangsanya iaitu puak dan nasionalitinya maka bukanlah nama Melayu itu merupakan puak sahaja (Community) atau race tetapi sebenarnya merupakan bangsa (Nationality) atau hasrat kebangsaan Melayu (Malay Nation). Ingatlah riwayat Melayu menentang Malayan Union.

Perjuangan Malayan.

Bila dan bagaimana timbulnya Malayan dan perjuangannya itu bukanlah soal baharu tetapi semenjak nama Semenanjung Tanah Melayu ini ditukar namanya Malaya. Maka yang bersifat dan bernisbah kepada Malaya disebut Malayan seperti India jadi Indian – Amerika jadi American – Indonesia jadi Indonesian dan sebagainya.

Menurut maknanya atau terjemah yang telah dipakai dari mula-mula memakaikan perkataan Malayan itu bererti Melayu sahaja tetapi perkara dan kebenaran mesti diingati sebagaimana yang telah diterangkan orang atau bangsa Melayu tak pernah memakaikan Malayan itu Melayu kerana bangsa Melayu bertetap berbangga dan bermegah dengan sebutan dan nama Melayu atau Malay.

Walaupun menurut istilahnya dahulu Melayu yang mesti memakaikan sebutan Malayan itu bukan orang lain sebagaimana yang terpakai pada ketentuan MCS itu. Siasah pintu terbuka Inggeris berjalan terus – buruh-buruh dari berbagai jenis dibawa masuk. Modal luar dimasukkan ke Malaya. Pasar dan pekan-pekan dipenuhi oleh orang dagang. Orang Melayu terdesak ke kampung-kampung maka sekolah-sekolah dan peluang ekonomi terbuka dengan luasnya kepada orang-orang dagang itu maka lapangan ekonomi dan pelajaran orang daganglah yang mendapat peluang yang baik dan berkedudukan yang mewah.

Manakala kebangunan rasa kebangsaan berkobar-kobar di negeri asal orang dagang itu seperti Indian dan China maka perasaan politik itu terbabit dan terbawalah ke Malaya ini sesudah mereka dapat kedudukan yang baik dalam ekonomi dan pelajaran mereka menuntut pula dalam hak berpolitik.

Hak berpolitik hanya ada pada bumiputera sahaja di mana-mana jua dalam dunia ini maka mereka tidak boleh dan memakaikan nama melayu malah orang memandang rendah pula kepada bangsa Melayu. Maka sebagaimana bangsa Inggeris dapat memakaikan panggilan Malayan pada jawatan sedang orang Melayu pun tak ambil berat pada sebutan Malayan masa itu maka mereka ambil peluang menggunakan nama Malayan itu.

Orang yang menamakan dirinya Malayan itu bolehlah dibahagikan (1) Golongan yang betul putih hati hendak berwatankan Malaya (2) Golongan mencari dua belah kepentingan (3) Golongan terikut-ikut. Dengan bertambah besar dan luasnya ladang-ladang dan lombong-lombong di Malaya dan pecahnya perang China-Jepun dahulu bertambah banyaklah orang Cina dan India datang ke Malaya ini.

Dalam masa pendudukan Jepun dan setelah Perang Dunia Kedua perjuangan Malayan itu bertambah-tambah besar hingga merupakan satu faktor yang tiada dapat diasingkan dari soal Malaya sehingga kerajaan British membawakan Perlembagaan Malayan Union. Mana janji dan apa perlindungan British.

Treaty Michael dan datangnya perlembagaan Malayan Union sangat mengacau akan perasaan bangsa Melayu. Walaupun demikian golongan kebangsaan Melayu yang progresif. Berani menyambut suatu Malayan Union dengan syarat bersetuju dan selaras kandungan perlembagaan dengan perjuangan dan hasrat cita-cita Kebangsaan Melayu.

Begitu pun hingga hari ini soal yang di atas itu masih belum bangsa Melayu dapat jawapan yang jua sehingga sesudah berjalan perlembagaan Presiden. Kedudukan ekonomi dan pelajaran orang yang bukan Melayu telah mengatasi Melayu sekarang kedudukan politik pula dilapangkan.

Menyatukan Dua Cita-cita

Angkatan Kebangsaan Melayu Muda setelah menghalusi dan insaf pada duduk perkara yang sebenar dalam cita-cita kebangsaan Melayu dan perjuangan Malayan menampak dan menjelaskan bahawa rancangan Presiden tak dapat menjamin dan menegakkan keamanan dan kemakmuran Malaya.

Perkara yang mesti disedari oleh orang Malayan ialah Malaya hak Melayu. Malaya tuan rumahnya Melayu. Malayan hendak serumah dengan Melayu – Melayukah mesti melaburkan perjuangan kebangsaannya ke dalam kebangsaan Malayan atau Malayan melabur ke dalam kebangsaan Melayu?

Pada hal Melayu sedar mereka lah yang terbanyak bilangan dihitung panjang daripada Malayan yang tulen ataupun yang setengah tiang. Soal ini ada orang memandang sentimen tetapi sebenarnya tidak kerana perpecahan kebangsaan Melayu cuma di antara nun dan ku tetapi di dalam perjuangan Melayu masih banyak pancarobanya lagi. Dan lagi atas nama bangsa Melayu atau perjuangan Melayu hingga makalah ini ditulis belum lagi ada membuat sesuatu ikrar atau persetiaan baharu menukar kebangsaan Melayunya kepada kebangsaan Malayan.

Tetapi kerumitan dan kesulitan yang besar dalam soal kebangsaan ini jalannya telah dapat dilorong dan diatasi oleh 10 anggaran dasar putera Malayan dan Melayu telah merupakan bersatu padu dan menghormati anggaran dasar yang sepuluh itu di bawah pimpinan kebangsaan Melayu yang tulen dan bulat bukan kebangsaan Melayu dipimpin oleh Malayan. Maka cita-cita dan gerakan kebangsaan Melayu yang tulen dan waras itu dituduh pula dengan tuduhan yang tiada waras maka jadilah Malaya tidak waras hingga hari ini.

Terlambat dan Salah Tiru

Pergerakan kebangsaan Melayu yang besar menyedari pentingnya perhubungan dan pertalian dengan British tetapi hak dan keadilan kebangsaan Melayu hendaklah dibuktikan menurut semangat treaty-treaty yang lalu tenaga kebangsaan Melayu yang tulen adalah tenaga yang kuat dan perkasa dapat dipergunakan untuk kepentingan mempertahan dan mengawal muslihat bersama yang hak dan adil.

Cadangan jawatankuasa di antara bangsa-bangsa (CLC) itu telah pun ditegur dan dibangkang oleh bangsa Melayu yang sedar - di setengah tempat dan bahagian membayangkan seperti beruang sayangkan tuan. Kapak naik pemidang. Mencapak perjuangan kebangsaan Melayu. Penganjur mengekor maka bagaimanakah perubahan nasib mereka yang dicita-cita. Sementelahan pula di dalam golongan pemimpin Melayu yang dahulunya menyokong (CLC) itu telah menunjuk dan menyuarakan tak setujunya yang boleh ditinjau mungkin menjarak dan membawa pertelingkahan di antara kaum-kaum hingga dalam satu-satu kaum itu sendiri maka bagaimanakah diharap sokongan rancangan atau cadangan yang bertentangan dengan rasa pusaka dan hasrat perjuangan kebangsaan Melayu yang tulen yang ingin aman dan damai serta kukuh berpegang kepada adat istiadat dan kebudayaannya.

Meniru Malaya jadi Malayan membandingkan Amerika – American. Indonesia – Indonesian itu cara (CLC) Terang-terang sudah ketewasan kedudukan dan hak Melayu bila dihalusi daripada dua segi perjuangan Melayu dan Malayan. Malaya dan Malayan pada orang Melayu serupa seperti kedudukan Theodor Land East Indies (Hindia Timur Belanda (N.E.I) di Indonesia dahulu sedang Indonesia dan Indonesian gerakan nasionalis yang mutlak dari umbi-umbinya maka Malaya Melayu itulah gerakan kebangsaan mutlak dan tuan rumah yang mutlak.

(Sumber - Majalah Qalam Bilangan 3 - Oktober 1950 )

Tanda-Tanda Seorang Muslim Yang Mukhlis

Mukhlis, artinya orang yang ikhlas. Seorang dengan kualitas mukhlis adalah orang yang hatinya bersih dari keinginan memperoleh pujian. Semua perbuatannya, perkataannya, pemberiannya, penolakannya, perkataannya, diamnya, ibadahnya dan seterusnya, semata-mata dilakukan hanya untuk Allah SWT. Oleh karena itu baginya pujian orang tidak membuatnya berbangga hati, dan kekecewaan serta caci maki orang tidak membuatnya surut dari amal kebajikan. Dari deretan predikat kualitas yang dicontohkan Nabi dengan urutan Muslim, Mu'min, 'Alim (orang terpelajar), Amil (yang beramal) dan Mukhlis, maka selain mukhlis, mereka masih berpeluang mengalami kesia-siaan (halka).

Untuk m3ng3tahui seterusnya sila akses ke http://hariswanindra.blogspot.com)

VOiP - Timeline

From the invention of the telephone to the VOIP we know today.

1876 - Alexander Graham Bell invents the telephone.

1927 - The first transatlantic call is made over radio waves.

1958 - The Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) is formed by the US government to expand America's technological frontiers, in response to the USSR's launch of Sputnik 1 the previous year.

1960s - The US telephone system gradually begins converting its internal connections to a packet-based, digital switching system.

1961 - Leonard Kleinrock at MIT publishes the first paper on packet switching theory.

1962 - JCR Licklider, of MIT, publishes a paper discussing his “Galactic Network” concept. He envisioned a globally interconnected set of computers through which everyone could quickly access data and programmes from any site.

1962 - ARPA forms the Information Processing Techniques Office (IPTO), which conducts research on command and control systems.

1965 - The first wide area computer network is built.

1967 - MIT researcher Lawrence G. Roberts, intending to realise Licklider's idea, publishes his plan for the “Arpanet”.

1969 - The first node is connected to the Arpanet. By the end of that year, four host computers are connected.

1970 - The first packet network, AlohaNet, is developed at the University of Hawaii.

1970 - The Network Working Group (NWG) finishes the initial Arpanet host-to-host protocol, called the Network Control Protocol (NCP).

1972 - ARPA becomes DARPA (Defence Advanced Research Projects Agency). It subsequently went back to ARPA on 22 February 1993, and then back to DARPA again on 11 March 1996.

1972 - Arpanet is publicly demonstrated for the first time at the International Computer Communication Conference (ICCC).

1973 - The Network Voice Protocol (NVP) is first implemented by internet researcher Danny Cohen of the Information Sciences Institute (ISI), University of Southern California, with funding from ARPA's Network Secure Communications (NSC) programme.

1973 - FTP (File Transfer Protocol) is introduced.

1973 - Arpanet makes its first international connection, while Bob Kahn and Vint Cerf team up to develop the details of the protocols that will become TCP/IP.

1973 - Bob Metcalfe at Xerox PARC develops Ethernet technology.

1973 - Dr Martin Cooper of Motorola Corporation makes what was probably the first cellular telephone call on a portable handset called the Dyna-Tac. After a successful test run, he took it to New York to introduce the technology to the public.

1973 - The experimental Network Voice Protocol is invented for the ARPANET providers.

1974 - BBN announces “Telenet”, the first public packet data service.

1977 - Fibre-optic cables are first used for telephone transmission when both GTE and AT&T laid fibre-optic lines in Chicago and Boston.

1980s - The telecommunications industry conceived that digital services would follow much the same pattern as voice services, and conceived a vision of end-to-end circuit switched services, known as the Broadband Integrated Services Digital Network (B-ISDN).

1980 - Widespread development of workstations, PCs and LANs.

1983 - The Arpanet host protocol changes from NCP to TCP/IP as of 1 January.

1984 - A standards movement is started by the International Telephone and Telegraph Consultative Committee (CCITT), now known as the International Telecommunications Union (ITU). The ITU is a United Nations organisation that coordinates and standardises international telecommunications.

1984 - The National Science Foundation develops the first wide area network designed specifically to use TCP/IP.

1985 - The internet is a well-established technology supporting a wide community of researchers and developers.

1986 - The Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) starts as a quarterly meeting of US government-funded researchers.

1987 - The idea for ADSL is introduced by Joe Leichleder, a Bellcore researcher.

1988 - Leichleder develops ADSL by placing wideband digital signals above the existing baseband analogue voice signal carried between telephone company central offices and customers on conventional twisted pair cabling.

1988 - Robert Morris sends a worm through the internet, affecting 6 000 of the 60 000 hosts on the network.

1989 - The first ISPs, including the first dial-up ISP world.std.com, are formed.
1989 - DSL is developed.

1990 - Arpanet is decommissioned and McGill University releases the Archie search engine.

1990 - Tim Berners-Lee and Robert Cailliau, working at the European Organisation for Nuclear Research (CERN), jointly propose to create a hypertext system (HTTP and HTML) accessible via browsers, which would form the basis of the World Wide Web.

1992 - The Internet Society is formed and the IETF is transferred to operate under it as an independent international standards body.

1993 - One of the first graphical web browsers, Mosaic, is released by Marc Andreessen at the US National Centre for Supercomputing Applications.

1994 - A DSL Forum is formed to help telephone companies and their suppliers realise the great market potential of ADSL.

1995 - The first internet phone software is released by Vocaltec.

1996 - POP3 (Post Office Protocol version 3) is published.

1996 - Internet phones catch the attention of US telecommunication companies, which ask the US Congress to ban the technology.

1997 - The original version of IEEE 802.11, the wireless LAN standard, is released.

1997 - 2 000th request for comments – “Internet Official Protocol Standards” – from the internet Architecture Board. The American Registry for Internet Numbers (ARIN) is established to handle administration and registration of IP numbers to the geographical areas currently handled by Network Solutions (InterNIC), starting March 1998.

1998 - Three IP switch manufacturers introduce equipment capable of switching.

1998 - French internet users give up their access on 13 December to boycott France Telecom's local phone charges (which are in addition to the ISP charge).

2005 - The one-billionth internet user goes online.

2006 - Mass-market VOIP services over broadband internet access services are popular and successful.

Telecommuniation Timeline.

1834 Carl F.Gauss and Ernst H. Weber build the electromagnetic telegraph. The telegraph was the first step to making electrical signals travel from one device to another.

1844 Samuel F.B. Morse demonstrates the Baltimore, MD, and Washington, DC, telegraph line.

1860 Philipp Reis develops a “telephon.” Reis's phone was the first instrument to transmit the spoken word.

1864 James C. Maxwell predicts electromagnetic radiation.

1866 The second transatlantic cable is installed. (The first failed after 26 days in 1858.) Telephone communication was available between the two countries.

1874 Alexander Graham Bell discovers the principle of the telephone.

1876 US Patent No. 174,465, issued on March 3 for “Improvements in Telegraphy.” Elisha Gray applies for a similar patent hours after Bell. Gray and Bell would fight for years in court as to who's telephone was "legal".

1877 Thomas Edison receives a patent in Britain for the “electro-motograph.” His carbon-based transmitter is still used in telephones today. First permanent outdoor telephone wire strung. Commercial telephone service begins in the United States.

1878 The workable exchange comes on line. It enables calls to be switched among any number of subscribers rather than requiring direct lines.

1879 Telephone subscribers began to be designated by numbers rather than names. This allows more subscribers per switching station.

1880s Long distance service was established and grew using metallic circuits.

1883 Thomas A. Edison discovers flow of electronics in a vacuum, called the "Edison effect," the foundation of the electronic tube.

1888 The common battery system, developed by Hammond V. Hayes, permitted a central battery to supply all telephones on an exchange.

1891 The first automatic dial system was patented by a Kansas City undertaker. Switchboard operators were no longer necessary to make a telephone call.

1894 Oliver Lodge demonstrates wireless communication over a distance of 150 yards. This is the beginnings of cell phone technology.

1900 The first coin telephone was installed in Hartford, Connecticut.

1906 Dr. Lee De Forest, began work on applying what was known as an “audion,” a three element vacuum tube, which could amplify radio waves, to telephony.

1911 American Telephone and Telegraph (AT&T) took control of Western Union Telegraph Company. This is the beginning of "Ma Bell" which would be the largest telephone company in the US until the 1980's.

1913 The Bell System bought the rights to De Forest’s patents, which were used for long distance telephone service. First long-distance wire link was on the New York to San Francisco circuit using loading coils and repeaters.

1915 Bell System completes a U.S. transcontinental telephone line. Everyone in the US was connected to each other.

1918 Ten million Bell System telephones were in service. Edwin H. Armstrong invents the superheterodyne receiver circuit. Calls became clearer and faster.

1921 Automatic switching of large numbers of calls was made possible using “phantom circuits,” which allowed three telephone conversations to be conducted on two pairs of wires. More people could use the same circuit so telephone companies did not have to build more switching stations.

1927 The “French” phone, with the transmitter and receiver in a single handset, developed by the Bell System was released on a widespread basis. Harold Black develops the negative-feedback amplifier at Bell Laboratories. This made the telephone signal less distorted.

1927 Transatlantic service from New York to London became operational, transmitted by radio waves. Underwater cables were no longer necessary.

1931 Teletypewritter service is initated. This machine sends printed type, like a typewriter, across telephone lines to be printed out on the other end. This is the beginnings of facsimile machines and also lets the deaf use the telephone.

1936 Research on electronic telephone exchanges began in Bell Labs and was ultimately perfected in the 1960s with AT&T’s Electronic Switching System (ESS).

1946 First commercial mobile telephone service put into service in 1946, linking moving vehicles to the telephone network by radio.

1946 Transmission via coaxial cables was accomplished. This wire has a center wire and insulation all around and reduces radio wave interference.

1947 Microwave radio transmission was used for long-distance telephony. The transistor, a key to modern electronics, was invented at Bell Labs by a team consisting of William Schockley, Walter Brattain, and John Bardeen.

1950s Microwave telephone and communication links are further developed.

1950 Time-division multiplexing is applied to telephony. People were now charged by the minute for their telephone calls.

1953 The laying of transatlantic telephone cables began. Calls could be made to European countries.

1958 All Number Calling (ANC) instituted to handle consumer demands for individual telephone numbers. A possible 9,999,999 numbers available.

1960s Videophones became more affordable and practical. People could now see who they were talking to.

1962 Telstar, the world’s first international communications satellite, was rocketed into orbit on July 10 with the collaboration between NASA and the Bell System. Telephone calls could now be "bounced" off a satellite to a switching station.

1963 Bell System introduces the touch tone phone. This telephone made a different beep for each number instead of counted clicks for each number.

1964 The electronic telephone switching system is placed into service. Calls are switched faster than before.

1965 The first commercial communications satilite, Early bird, is placed into service.

1966 K.C. Kao and G.A. Hockham publish the principles of fiber optic communications. This cable uses glass to send a light beam that carries thousands of calls.

1971 Intel Corporation develops the first single chip microprocesser, the 4004. The microprocessor would make telephones and switching systems smaller, lighter and faster to use.

1972 Motorola demonstrates the cellular telephone to the FCC. People could call each other without wires.

1980 Bell System FT3 fiber optic communication is developed.

1981 IBM PC is introduced. The Internet would use the telephone lines in the future to transmit information through a personal computer.

1982 AT&T agrees to breakup its Bell System telephone companies. "Ma Bell" becomes a bunch of "Baby Bells".

1985 FAX machines become popular. A printed sheet of paper can be sent across telephone lines and received whole on the other end.

1989 "Pocket" cellular telephone is introduced by Motorola.

1990's Digital signal processing of all telecommunication equipment (including ISDNs and HDTV) A television can now be used as a television, telephone, computer and video game center all in one place.

Media Timeline: Key Events

l

1605: First regularly published weekly newspaper appears in Antwerp.

l1650: Leipzig publishes the first daily newspaper.

l1690: After one issue Publick Occurrences, first colonial newspaper, is suppressed.

l1702: The first daily newspaper in the English language, the Daily Courant.

l1783: Pennsylvania Evening Post, the first daily newspaper in America.

l1794: Nearly flat rate U.S. postal law mails most newspapers for a penny stamp.

l1797: In England, a heavy tax is levied on newspapers to limit the radical press.

l1801: Joseph-Marie Jacquard loom uses punch cards, anticipates computers.

l1827: First African-American newspaper, Freedom’s Journal.

l1828: First Native American newspaper, Cherokee Phoenix.

l1833: A penny buys a newspaper, the New York Sun, opening a mass market.

l1834: Babbage conceives the analytical engine, forerunner of the computer.

l1870: More than 5,000 newspapers are published in the U.S.

l1843: Byron’s daughter, Ada Lovelace, explains concept of computer programming.

l1898: Newspapers, led by Hearst and Pulitzer, help push U.S. into war with Spain.

l1900: U.S. has 2,150 daily newspapers, 478 tri- or semi-weeklies, 14,717 weeklies.

l1900: Total newspaper circulation in U.S. passes 15 million daily.

l1900: 562 cities in U.S. have more than one daily newspaper; New York City has 29.

l1914: 1,300 journals, 140 daily newspapers in U.S. targeted to ethnic populations.

l1930: Lowell Thomas begins first regular U.S. network newscast.

l1930: BBC transmits a play by television, 240 lines/sec of resolution.

l1930: Vannevar Bush’s partly electronic computer can solve differential equations.

l1933: U.S. newspapers pressure AP to cut service to radio, start “Press-Radio War.”

l1933: FDR begins radio Fireside Chats, bypasses hostile newspapers.

l1936: BBC starts world’s first regular television service, three hours a day.

l1938: CBS World News Roundup ushers in modern newscasting.

l1941: Radio networks on 24/7; heavy on news.

l1942: Atanasoff and Berry in Iowa build the first electronic digital computer.

l1944: NBC presents first U.S. televised network newscast, a curiosity.

l1944: Harvard’s Mark I, first digital computer to be put in service.

l1946: University of Pennsylvania’s ENIAC heralds the modern electronic computer.

l1948: CBS and NBC begin nightly 15-minute television newscasts.

l1948: WFIL-FM, owned by Philadelphia newspaper, transmits fax editions twice a day.

l1949: Hollywood studios begin to produce television programs.

l1949: The United States has 98 television stations.

l1950: Nielsen’s Audimeter tracks television audiences.

l1951: Color television sets go on sale.

l1951: Univac I is the first mass-produced computer.

l1952: Television sets in about 19 million U.S. homes.

l1954: 54% of American homes have television sets.

l1957: Many television programs switch to color.

l1958: The microchip; it will enable the computer revolution.

l1959: Television sets in more than 46 million U.S. homes.

l1960: 90% of American homes have television sets.

l1961: The time-sharing computer is developed.

l1961: FCC Chairman Newton Minow calls television a “vast wasteland..

l1963: TV is now principal source of news in U.S., according to Roper Poll.

l1963: Douglas Engelbart gets a patent for the computer mouse.

l1963: TV news “comes of age” in reporting JFK assassination.

l1963: Julia Child cooks on television as The French Chef.

l1967: Newspapers, magazines start to digitize production/computers in operation

l1968: 60 Minutes starts ticking, proves than news on TV can be profitable.

l1965: FCC rules bring structure to cable television.

l1969: UCLA computer sends data to Stanford computer, foreshadowing Internet.

l1972: Philadelphia Inquirer builds a computer database for a news story.

l1972: The Xerox Alto, first computer with mouse and graphical interface.

l1974: U.S. newspapers start to replace reporters’ typewriters with terminals.

l1975: On television, Saturday Night Live.

l1975: In Los Angeles, the first computer store; it sells assembled computers.

l1975: Microsoft founded

l1976: Apple Computer founded

l1976: Barbara Walters becomes first woman to anchor a U.S. TV nightly network newscast.

l1979: News groups arrive on the Internet.

l1980: A 25 lb. portable computer is favorite of reporters who send news from field. RS TRS- 80

l1980: CNN, 24-hour news channel, begins reports.

l1981: The laptop computer is introduced by Tandy.

l1982: USA Today is a newspaper influenced by television news style.

l1983: Time names the computer as "Man" of the Year for 1982.

l1983: Apple's Lisa, the first microcomputer with a graphical user interface.

l1984: Apple Macintosh and IBM PC AT are introduced.

l1983: Computer chip holds 288,000 bits of memory.

l1983: TCP/IP becomes standard for Internet communication between computers.

l1983: Internet domains get names instead of hard-to-remember numbers.

l1985: America Online founded as Quantum Computer Services.

l1991: Hypertext Markup Language (HTML) written; helps create the World Wide Web.

l1992: Number of newspapers offering online news rises to 150.

l1993: Graphical user interface, Mosaic, is developed for the World Wide Web.

l1994: Two million computers connected to the Internet.

l1994: Almost 1/3 of all American homes have a computer.

l1994: Radio HK, a 24-hour Internet-only radio station.

l1995: U.S. population continues to increase, but newspaper readership declines.

l1995: 30 million Internet users worldwide.

l1995: Amazon.com starts selling books online, will become Web’s hottest retailer.

l1996: From Microsoft: Hotmail.com, a Web-based email site.

l1996: 45 million Internet users, including 30 million in U.S.

l1996: More than 100,000 Web sites, and growing fast.

l1996: Computer makers sell flat-panel displays.

l1996: A pocket telephone/computer comes on the market.

l1996: Several large newspapers offer Web access to archives.

l1997: Streaming audio and video are available on the Web.

l1997: 2,600 U.S. newspapers have Internet sites or dial-up connections.

l1997: 43% of U.S. homes have computers.

l1998: Drudge Report, an online website, breaks news of Clinton-Lewinsky affair.

l1998: 3,250 newspapers, 1,280 TV stations now have online websites.

l1998: Google

l1998: 150 million Internet users estimated at year’s end, half in the U.S.

l1998: Estimated number of World Wide Web pages: 300 million.

l1998: Estimated number of Web pages added each day: 1.5 million.

l1998: Apple unveils the colorful iMac computer.

l1999: Number of U.S. daily newspapers drops to 1,483; total 56 million circulation.

l1999: Nielsen, Arbitron start World Wide Web rating service.

l1999: 150 million Internet users can access more than 800 million web pages.

l2002: Google News, an automated service without human editors.

l2000: Seventy million computers connected to the Internet.

l2002: Friendster sets up Internet social contact network.

l2002: On the Web, creators of online journals, or "web logs," now "blog on."

l2003: 239 million computer games are sold.

l2003: From Apple Computer: the browser Safari.

l2003: Cell phones add computer and Internet capabilities.

l2004: Facebook

l2006: TV networks place their most popular programs on the Web.

l2006: Battle in Congress over "net neutrality" regarding website access.

l2009: Major U.S. newspapers face bankruptcy as readers, income erode.

l2007: iPhone surfs Web, emails, plays videos, iTunes, makes phone calls, takes pictures.

l2007: Twitter

l2010: iPad brings multi-touch email, books, movies, maps, apps.